Can a "Good Muslim" Be a "Bad Person"? Aligning Faith and Character
Published: July 3, 2019 • Updated: July 30, 2024
Author: Anonymous Guest Author
بِسْمِ اللهِ الرَّحْمٰنِ الرَّحِيْمِ
In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.
Abstract
Introduction
Among people are those who say, ‘We have faith in Allah and the Last Day,’ but they are not truly believers. They try to deceive Allah and the believers but they deceive none but themselves, while they do not perceive it. In their hearts is a disease (of hypocrisy), so Allah has increased their disease and they will have a painful punishment.
Among people are those whose speech impresses you in the life of this world and he calls Allah to witness what is in his heart, yet he is most fierce in argument. When he turns away, he strives in the land to corrupt it and destroy crops and cattle, but Allah does not love corruption. When it is said to him, ‘Fear Allah!’ pride in the sin takes hold of him, so Hell will suffice him and wretched is the destination.
Islam, faith, and good character
There are four signs that make someone a pure hypocrite and whoever has one of them has a characteristic of hypocrisy until he abandons it: when he speaks he lies, when he makes a covenant he is treacherous, when he makes a promise he breaks it, and when he argues he is wicked.
The adulterer is not a believer while he is committing adultery. The drinker of wine is not a believer while he is drinking wine. The thief is not a believer while he is stealing. The plunderer is not a believer while he is plundering and the people are looking on.
Hatred is the razor. I do not say it shaves hair, but rather it shaves the religion. By the one in whose hand is my soul, you will not enter Paradise until you have faith and you will not have faith until you love each other.
Verily, the bankrupt of my nation are those who come on the Day of Resurrection with prayers, fasting, and charity, but also with insults, slander, consuming wealth, shedding blood, and beating others. Those who were oppressed by someone will each be given from that person’s good deeds. If his good deeds run out before justice is fulfilled, then their sins will be cast upon him and he will be thrown into the Hellfire.
Have you not considered how Allah strikes the parable of a good word [faith] as a good tree, its roots firmly planted and its branches reaching to the sky? It produces its fruit at all times by the permission of its Lord. Allah strikes parables for people that perhaps they will remember.
Allah, Majestic is His Praise and Sacred are His Names, by His Favor and Kindness has facilitated for me the arrangement of books containing reports to be applied in the fundamentals of the religion and its branches. All praise is due to Allah for that greatly. Then I desired to arrange a comprehensive book on the fundamentals of faith, its branches, and what has been related in reports of clarifying its good practice, for inspiring hope and instilling fear (of sin).
Verily, from the character of the believer is strength in religion, determination with leniency, faith with certainty, eagerness for knowledge, sympathy with understanding, moderation in worship, mercy with effort, giving to those who ask, not wronging the one he hates, not sinning against the one he loves, dignified in turmoil, grateful in ease, content with what he has, speaking to impart understanding, being silent out of caution, and affirming the truth as a witness over him.
Prayer and character
All praise is due to Allah, the Lord of the worlds,
The Merciful, the Beneficent,
Master of the Day of Judgment,
You alone we worship, and You alone we ask for help,
Guide us to the straight path,
The path of those whom You have favored, not of those who have earned Your wrath or have been led astray.
Recite what has been revealed to you from the Book and establish prayer. Verily, prayer prohibits one from immorality and evil, yet the remembrance of Allah is greater. Allah knows what you are doing.
Woe to those who pray! Those who are neglectful of their prayer, who pray to be seen and withhold small acts of help.
Charity and character
If you have two hundred silver coins and a year has passed, then five coins are due for alms. You will owe nothing until you own twenty gold coins. If you own twenty gold coins and a year has passed, then half of a coin is due for alms. Whatever is extra should be calculated likewise.
Take charity from their wealth by which you cleanse them and purify them, and pray for them.
O you who have faith, do not annul your acts of charity by reminders or harm, as one who spends his wealth to be seen by people and does not have faith in Allah and the Last Day.
Has not Allah made for you ways to give charity? In every glorification of Allah is charity, in every declaration of His Greatness is charity, in every praise of Him is charity, in every declaration of His Oneness is charity, enjoining good is charity and forbidding evil is charity, and in a man’s intimate relations with his wife is charity.
You see that if he were to satisfy his passions with the unlawful, it would be a burden of sin upon him? Likewise, if he were to satisfy himself with the lawful, he will have a reward.
A man suffered from thirst while he was walking on a journey. When he found a well, he climbed down into it and drank from it. Then he came out and saw a dog lolling its tongue from thirst and licking the ground. The man said, ‘This dog has suffered thirst just as I have suffered from it.’ He climbed down into the well, filled his shoe with water, and caught it in his mouth as he climbed up. Then he gave the dog a drink. Allah appreciated this deed, so he forgave him.
Yes, in every creature with a moist liver is a reward for charity.
Fasting and character
O you who have faith, fasting is prescribed for you as it was prescribed for those before you that you may become righteous.
When you fast, let your hearing, seeing, and tongue fast as well from falsehood and sins and avoid harming your servants. Rather, you must have dignity and tranquility on the day of your fasting. Do not make your non-fasting days the same as your fasting days.
Know that there are three degrees of fasting: the fasting of common people, the fasting of the spiritual elite, and the fasting of the elite of the spiritual elite. As for the fasting of the common people, it is restraining the stomach from fulfilling its desires as has been mentioned. As for the fasting of the elite, it is restraining one’s hearing, sight, tongue, hands, feet, and all limbs from sin. As for the fasting of the elite of the elite, it is the fasting of the heart from unworthy concerns and worldly thoughts and to restrain it entirely from everything besides Allah Almighty.
Hajj pilgrimage and character
Hajj pilgrimage is in the well-known months, so whoever has prepared himself for Hajj, he should not not engage in intimate relations, sin, and disputing in the Hajj. What good you have done, Allah knows it. Bring your provisions, but the best provision is righteousness, O you of understanding!
O people, your Lord is One and your father Adam is one. There is no virtue of an Arab over a non-Arab, nor a non-Arab over an Arab, and neither white over black nor black over white, except by righteousness. Have I not delivered the message?
Let those present inform those who are absent.
Never have I witnessed such sincere hospitality and the overwhelming spirit of true brotherhood as is practiced by people of all colors and races here in this Ancient Holy Land, the home of Abraham, Muhammad, and all the other prophets of the Holy Scriptures. For the past week, I have been utterly speechless and spellbound by the graciousness I see displayed all around me by people of all colors…
America needs to understand Islam, because this is the one religion that erases from its society the race problem. Throughout my travels in the Muslim world, I have met, talked to, and even eaten with people who in America would have been considered ‘white’—but the ‘white’ attitude was removed from their minds by the religion of Islam. I have never before seen sincere and true brotherhood practiced by all colors together, irrespective of their color.
Conclusion
Thus, the prayer, fasting, charity, the Hajj pilgrimage, and whatever is similar to these acts of obedience (to Allah) among the teachings of Islam, they are steps on the desired path towards moral perfection and supporters of purification (of the heart), which preserve life and elevate its affairs. Because of these noble qualities, which are connected to them or proceed from them, they have been given a grand status in the religion of Allah. If a person does not make use of their ability to purify their heart, empty their inner-being (of evil), and set right their relationships with Allah and people, then they have failed.
1 Muslim Ibn al-Ḥajjāj al-Qushayrī, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim ([Bayrūt]: Dār Iḥyāʼ al-Kutub al-ʻArabīyah, 1955), 4:1980 #2553, kitab al-Birr wal-Sillah wal-Adab bab tafsir al-birr wal-ithm.
2 al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī (Bayrūt: Dār Ṭawq al-Najjāh, 2002), 1:10, kitab al-Iman qawl al-Nabi ﷺbuniya al-Islam ‘ala khams.
3 Sūrat Ghāfir 40:27.
4 Daniel Peris, Storming the heavens: the Soviet League of the Militant Godless (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press 1998), 6.
5 Sūrat al-Baqarah 2:8-10.
6 Sūrat al-Baqarah 2:204-206.
7 Ibn Taymīyah, Majmū’ al-Fatāwà (al-Madīnah al-Munawwarah: Majmaʻ al-Malik Fahd li-Ṭibāʻat al-Muṣḥaf al-Sharīf, 1995), 7:638; see also Ibn, Taymīyah, Salman H. Ani, and Shadia Tel, Kitab al-Iman: Book of Faith (Bloomington, Ind: Iman Pub. House, 2010).
8 Sūrat Ṣād 38:74.
9 Ibn Mājah, Sunan Ibn Mājah (Bayrūt: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-’Arabī), 1:23 #61, iftitah al-Kitab bab fi al-Iman; declared authentic (ṣaḥīḥ) by Al-Albānī in the commentary.
10 al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 1:16 #34, kitab al-Iman bab ayah al-munafiq.
11 Muslim, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, 1:36 #8, kitab al-Iman bab ma’rifat al-Iman wa al-Islam, wa al-Qadr.
12 al-Nasā’ī, Sunan al-Nasā’ī (Ḥalab: Maktab al-Maṭbūʻāt al-Islāmīyah, 1986), 8:104 #4995; declared authentic (ṣaḥīḥ) by Al-Albānī in the commentary.
13 Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal (Bayrūt: Mu’assasat al-Risālah, 2001), 11:366 #6753; declared authentic (ṣaḥīḥ) by Al-Arnā’ūṭ et al in their commentary.
14 al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 8:11 #6018, kitab al-Adab bab man kana yu’minu bi-Allah.
15 al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 8:11 #6019.
16 al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 8:32 #6138.
17 al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 3:136 #2475, kitab al-Mathalim wal-Ghadab bab al-nuhba bi ghayr idhni sahibihi.
18 al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 8:164 #6809, kitab al-Hudud bab ithmi al-zina’.
19 Roohi Tahir, “Repentance, Redemption, & Salvation: An Islamic Framework,” Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research. February 5 2018. yaqeeninstitute.org/roohi-tahir/repentance-redemption-salvation-an-islamic-framework/
20 al-Ḥākim, Al-Mustadrak ʻalá al-Ṣaḥīḥayn (Bayrūt: Dār al-Kutub al-’Ilmīyah, 1990) 1:45 #5; declared reliable (thiqāt) by Al-Dhahabī in the commentary.
21 al-Bayhaqī, Shu’ab al-Īmān (al-Riyāḍ: Maktabat al-Rushd lil-Nashr wal-Tawzī’, 2003), 1:154 #55.
22 Sūrat al-Shams 91:9-10.
23 Another term used by classical scholars is tasawwuf, from which we get the English term Sufism. Although this term was used appropriately in the past, it has become controversial in modern times due to the behavior of some Sufi groups. Instead of using this term, many scholars prefer to designate the field of classical tasawwuf as ‘purification of the soul.’
24 Sūrat al-Shu’arā’ 26:89.
25 Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal, 20:343 #13047; declared fair (ḥasan) by Al-Albānī in Ṣaḥīḥ al-Targhīb wal-Tarhīb (al-Riyāḍ: Maktabat al-Maʻārif, 2000), 2:680 #2554.
26 al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 1:12 #13, kitab al-Iman bab min al-Iman an yuhibba li akhihi ma yuhibbu li nafsi.
27 Justin Parrott (2017), “Al-Ghazali and the Golden Rule: Ethics of Reciprocity in the Works of a Muslim Sage,” Journal of Religious & Theological Information, 16:2, 68-78, DOI: 10.1080/10477845.2017.1281067
28 Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn Ḥajar Haythamī, Al-Fatḥ al-Mubīn bi-Sharḥ al-Arba’īn (Jiddah: Dār alMinhāj, 2008), 305 #13.
29 Muslim, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, 3:1472 #1844, kitab al-Imarah bab al-amr bi al-wafa’ bi bay’ah al-khulafa’.
30 Ibn Mājah, Sunan Ibn Mājah, 2:1414 #4229, kitab al-Zuhd bab al-wara’ wa al-taqwa; declared authentic (ṣaḥīḥ) by Al-Albānī in the commentary.
31 Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal, 14:513 #8952; declared authentic (ṣaḥīḥ) by Al-Arnā’ūṭ et al in their commentary.
32 Muslim, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, 4:1923 #2474, kitab Fada’il al-Sahabah bab min fada’il Abi Dharr.
33 Al-Kharā’iṭī, Makārim al-Akhlāq (al-Qāhirah: Dār al-Āfāq al-ʻArabīyah, 1999), 1:34 #34.
34 Ibn Qayyim al-Jawzīyah, Madārij al-Sālikīn Bayna Manāzil Īyāka Na’budu wa Īyāka Nasta’īn (Bayrūt: Dār al-Kutub al-ʻArabī, 1996), 2:294.
35 al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 4:189 #3559.
36 Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal, 16:94 #10066; declared authentic (ṣaḥīḥ) by Al-Arnā’ūṭ et al in their commentary.
37 al-Tirmidhī, Sunan al-Tirmidhī (Bayrūt: Dār al-Ġarb al-Islāmī, 1998), 2:457 #1162, kitab al-Rida bab ma ja’a fi haqq al-mar’ah ‘ala zawjiha; declared authentic (ṣaḥīḥ) by Al-Tirmidhī in the commentary.
38 al-Tirmidhī, Sunan al-Tirmidhī, 4:305 #2612, kitab al-Iman bab ma ja’a fi istikmal al-iman; declared fair (ḥasan) by Al-Tirmidhī in the commentary.
39 al-Māwardī, Adab al-Dunyā wal-Dīn (Bayrūt: Dār Maktabat al-Ḥayāh, 1986), 1:17.
40 See forthcoming Yaqeen article by Dr. Jonathan A. C. Brown on this topic.
41 al-Tirmidhī, Sunan al-Tirmidhī, 3:430 #2002, kitab al-Birr wa Sillah bab ma ja’a fi husn al-khuluq; declared authentic (ṣaḥīḥ) by Al-Tirmidhī in the commentary.
42 al-Tirmidhī, Sunan al-Tirmidhī, 3:431 #2004, kitab al-Birr wa Sillah bab ma ja’a fi husn al-khuluq; declared authentic (ṣaḥīḥ) by Al-Tirmidhī in the commentary.
43 al-Tirmidhī, Sunan al-Tirmidhī, 4:244 #2509, kitab Sifat al-Qiyamah wal-Raqa’iq wal-Wara’ bab minhu; declared authentic (ṣaḥīḥ) by Al-Tirmidhī in the commentary.
44 al-Tirmidhī, Sunan al-Tirmidhī, 4:245 #2510; declared good (jayyid) by Al-Haythamī in Majma’ al-Zawā’id wa Manba’ al-Fawā’id (al-Qāhirah: Maktabat al-Qudsī, 1933), 8:30 #12732.
45 Abū Dāwūd, Sunan Abī Dāwūd (Ṣaydā, Lubnān: al-Maktabah al-Aṣrīyah, 1980), 4:252 #4798; declared authentic (ṣaḥīḥ) by Al-Albānī in the commentary.
46 al-Bukhārī, Kitāb al-Adab al-Mufrad (al-Rīyāḍ: Maktabat al-Ma’ārif lil-Nashr wal-Tawzī’, 1998), 1:63 #66, bab la yu’dhi al-jarr; declared authentic (ṣaḥīḥ) by Al-Albānī in the commentary.
47 Muslim, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, 4:1997 #2581.
48 Ibn al-Jawzī, Baḥr al-Dumū’ (al-Qāhirah: Dār al-Fajr lil-Turāth, 2004), 1:133.
49 Sūrat Ibrāhīm 14:24-25.
50 al-Ṭabarī, Jāmi’ al-Bayān ‘an Ta’wīl al-Qur’ān (Bayrūt: Mu’assasat al-Risālah, 2000), 16:567 #20658 verse 14:24.
51 al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 1:11 #9, kitab al-Iman bab umur al-iman.
52 al-Tirmidhī, Sunan al-Tirmidhī, 3:443 #2027; declared fair (ḥasan) by Al-Tirmidhī in the commentary.
53 al-Bayhaqī, Shu’ab al-Īmān, 1:83-84.
54 al-Bayhaqī, Shu’ab al-Īmān, 3:195.
55 al-Bayhaqī, Shu’ab al-Īmān, 10:246.
56 al-Bayhaqī, Shu’ab al-Īmān, 10:321.
57 al-Bayhaqī, Shu’ab al-Īmān, 11:109.
58 al-Bayhaqī, Shu’ab al-Īmān, 10:353.
59 al-Bayhaqī, Shu’ab al-Īmān, 12:84.
60 al-Bayhaqī, Shu’ab al-Īmān, 12:176.
61 al-Bayhaqī, Shu’ab al-Īmān, 13:282.
62 al-Bayhaqī, Shu’ab al-Īmān, 6:440.
63 al-Bayhaqī, Shu’ab al-Īmān, 13:429.
64 al-Bayhaqī, Shu’ab al-Īmān, 12:471.
65 al-Bayhaqī, Shu’ab al-Īmān, 13:459.
66 Ibn ‘Abd al-Barr, Jāmi’ Bayān al-’Ilm wa Faḍlih (al-Dammām: Dār Ibn al-Jawzī, 1994), 1:545 #906.
67 Sūrat al-Fātiḥah 1:7.
68 Sūrat al-’Ankabūt 29:45.
69 al-Ṭabarī, Jāmi’ al-Bayān ‘an Ta’wīl āy al-Qur’ān, 20:41 verse 29:45.
70 Ibn Kathīr, Tafsīr al-Qurān al-‘Aẓīm (Bayrūt: Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmīyah, 1998), 6:254 verse 29:45.
71 Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal, 15:483 #9776; declared authentic (ṣaḥīḥ) by Al-Arnā’ūṭ et al in their commentary.
72 Sūrat al-Dhāriyāt 51:50.
73 al-Qurṭubī, Jāmiʻ li-Aḥkām al-Qurʼan (al-Qāhirah: Dār al-Kutūb al-Miṣrīyah, 1964), 17:53 verse 51:50.
74 al-Qurṭubī, Jāmiʻ li-Aḥkām al-Qurʼan, 17:54 verse 51:50.
75 Sūrat al-Sajdah 32:16.
76 al-Bayhaqī, Shu’ab al-Īmān, 13:429 #10579.; declared authentic (ṣaḥīḥ) by Al-Albānī in Ṣaḥīḥ al-Jāmi’ al-Ṣaghīr wa Ziyādatihi ([Dimashq]: al-Maktab al-Islāmī, 1969), 2:986 #5645.
77 Sūrat al-Mā’ūn 107:4-7.
78 al-Ṭabarī, Jāmi’ al-Bayān ‘an Ta’wīl āy al-Qur’ān, 24:641 verse 107:7.
79 Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, Musnad al-Imām Aḥmad Ibn Ḥanbal, 37:492 #22840; declared fair (ḥasan) by Al-Arnā’ūṭ et al in their commentary.
80 Muslim, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, 4:2003 #2592, kitab al-Birr wa Silah bab fadl al-rifq.
81 Mālik ibn Anas and Abū Muṣ’ab al-Zuhri, Muwaṭṭa’ al-Imām Mālik (Bayrūt: Mu’assasat al-Risālah, 1993) 1:6 #6.
82 Abū Dāwūd, Sunan Abī Dāwūd, 4:339 #5156; declared authentic (ṣaḥīḥ) by Al-Albānī in the commentary.
83 Abū Dāwūd, Sunan Abī Dāwūd, 2:100 #1573; declared authentic (ṣaḥīḥ) by Al-Albānī in the commentary.
84 Sūrat al-Tawbah 9:103.
85 al-Ṭabarī, Jāmi’ al-Bayān ‘an Ta’wīl āy al-Qur’ān, 14:454 verse 9:103.
86 al-Baydạ̄wī, Anwār al-Tanzīl wa Asrār al-Ta’wīl al-Ma’rūf bi Tafsīr al-Baydạ̄wī (Bayrūt: Dār Ihỵāʼ al-Turāth al-’Arabī, 1998), 3:96 verse 9:103.
87 Muslim, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, 4:2001 #2588, kitab al-Birr wa Silah bab istihbab al-’afw wa tawadu’.
88 Sūrat al-Baqarah 2:264.
89 al-Ṭabarī, Jāmi’ al-Bayān ‘an Ta’wīl āy al-Qur’ān, 5:522 verse 2:264.
90 Muslim, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, 2:697 #1006, kitab al-Zakat bab bayan an ism al-sadaqah yaqa’a ‘ala kulli naw’in min al-ma’ruf.
91 al-Tirmidhī, Sunan al-Tirmidhī, 3:414 #1970, kitab al-Birr wal-Silah bab ma ja’a fi talaqat al-wajh wa husn al-bishr; declared authentic (ṣaḥīḥ) by Al-Tirmidhī in the commentary.
92 Murtaḍá al-Zabīdī, Tāj al-’Arūs min Jawāhir al-Qāmūs ([Lebanon?]: Dār al-Hidāyah lil-Ṭibā’ah wal-Nashr wal-Tawzī’, 1965), 24:135.
93 Ibn Mājah, Sunan Ibn Mājah, 2:1215 #3686, kitab al-Adab bab fadl sadaqah al-ma’; declared authentic (ṣaḥīḥ) by Al-Albānī in the commentary.
94 al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 3:103 #2320, kitab al-Muzara’ah bab fadl al-zar’ wal-ghars idha ukila minhu.
95 al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 8:9 #6009, kitab al-Adab bab rahmat al-nas wal-baha’im.
96 Sūrat al-Baqarah 2:183.
97 al-Suyūṭī and al-Maḥallī, Tafsīr al-Jalālayn (al-Qāhirah: Dār al-Ḥadīth, 2001), 1:37 verse 2:183.
98 al-Thaʻlabī, Al-Kashf wal-Bayān ʻan Tafsīr al-Qurʼān (Bayrut: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-’Arabī, 2002), 1:143-144.
99 Ibid.
100 Ibid.
101 Ibn Ḥibbān, Ṣaḥīḥ Ibn Ḥibbān (Bayrūt: Mu’assasat al-Risālah, 1993), 8:255 #3479, kitab al-Sawm bab adab al-sawm; declared authentic (ṣaḥīḥ) by Al-Albānī in the commentary.
102 Ibn Abī Shaybah, Al-Muṣannaf (al-Riyādh: Maktabat al-Rushd, 2004), 2:272 #8882, kitab al-Siyam bab yu’maru bihi al-sa’im min qillah al-kalam.
103 al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 3:26 #1903, kitab al-Sawm bab man lan yada’ qawl al-zur.
104 Ibn Mājah, Sunan Ibn Mājah, 1:539 #1690; declared authentic (ṣaḥīḥ) by Al-Albānī in the commentary.
105 Ibn Abī Shaybah, Al-Muṣannaf, 2:271 #8880, kitab al-Siyam bab yu’maru bihi al-sa’im min qillah al-kalam.
106 al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 1:8 #6, badi al-Wahy kayfa kana badu al-wahy ila Rasul Allah sall Allahu alayhi wa salaam.
107 al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 2:130 #1504, kitab al-Zakat bab sadaqah ‘ala al-’abd wa gharyihi min al-Muslimin.
108 al-Ghazzālī, Iḥyā’ ’Ulūm al-Dīn (Bayrūt: Dār al-Maʻrifah, 1980), 1:234.
109 al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 3:47 #2025, kitab al-I’tikaf bab al-i’tikaf fi al-’ashr al-awakhir.
110 Sūrat al-Baqarah 2:197.
111 al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 3:11 #1819, kitab al-Muhsar bab qawl Allah ta’ala fa la rafatha.
112 al-Bayhaqī, Shu’ab al-Īmān, 7:132 #4774; declared authentic due to external evidence (ṣaḥīḥ li ghayrihi) by Al-Albānī in Ṣaḥīḥ al-Targhīb wal-Tarhīb (al-Riyāḍ: Maktabat al-Maʻārif, 2000), 3:135 #2964.
113 al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 1:35 #121, kitab al-’Ilm bab al-insat al-’ulama’.
114 Malcolm X and Alex Haley, The Autobiography of Malcolm X: With the Assistance of Alex Haley (New York: Ballantine Books, 1973), 370-371.
115 Muslim, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, 2:662 #963, kitab al-Jana’iz bab al-dua’ al-mayyit fi al-salah.
116 al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 2:149 #1597, kitab al-Hajj bab ma dhakara fi al-hajr al-aswad.
117 Al-Nawawī, Sharḥ al-Nawawī ‘alá Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim (Bayrūt: Dār Iḥyā’ al-Turāth al-’Arabī, 1972), 9:16 #1270.
118 Wizārat al-Awqāf wal-Shu’ūn al-Islāmīyah, Al-Mawsū’at al-Fiqhīyah al-Kuwaytīyah (al-Kuwayt: Wizārat al-Awqāf wal-Shu’ūn al-Islāmīyah, 1992), 2:356.
119 al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 2:155 #1632, kitab al-Hajj bab al-marid yatuf rakiba.
120 al-Tirmidhī, Sunan al-Tirmidhī, 2:218 #877, kitab al-Hajj bab ma ja’a fi fadl al-aswad wal-rukn wal-maqam; declared authentic (ṣaḥīḥ) by Al-Tirmidhī in the commentary.
121 Muslim, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, 4:2150 #2790, kitab siffat al-Qiyamah wal Jannah wal Nar bab fi al-ba’th wal-nushur.
122 al-Nasā’ī, Sunan al-Nasā’i, 5:256 #3016, kitab Manasik al-Hajj bab fard al-wuquf bi-’Arafah; declared authentic (ṣaḥīḥ) by Al-Albānī in the commentary.
123 Sūrat al-Sajdah 32:15.
124 Muḥammad al-Ghazzālī, Khuluq al-Muslim (al-Qāhirah : Dār al-Riyān lil-Turāth, 1987), 9.